Firstly, through a systematic review and network meta-analysis, researchers have assessed the effects of GLP-1R agonists on neuroinflammation and reported that, compared with placebo, GLP-1R agonists significantly reduce the levels of neuroinflammatory markers, such as TNF- and interleukin-1 (Urkon et al., 2025
His background includes medical training, internal medicine residency, holistic and integrative medicine experience, and a long-standing focus on individualized patient care
IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-t + CD3 + CD4 CD8 entheseal resident T cells
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therefore, gut microbial alterations impacting butyrate production may also influence inflammatory pathways (Marques et al., 2017)