doi:10.1089/end.2022.0226
Pulm Pharmacol Ther 20:922, PMID: 16458553 Cotgreave IA (1997) N -acetylcysteine: pharmacological considerations and experimental and clinical applications
FIGURE 8 Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, may be an ideal environment for the high viral replication capabilities of SARS-CoV-2 in human cells, enhancing hyper-inflammation secondary to immune system dysregulation (Figure 9) that leads to adverse outcomes, as shown in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (258, 259)
Note also that the compounding market tightened in 2025 to 2026 after the FDA removed semaglutide and tirzepatide from shortage, so pharmacy access to compounded products now generally requires a documented clinical rationale
This layered relationship has influenced clinical interest in glutathione bioavailability and precursor support strategies, which are explored in greater detail in the full webinar