A 2025 systematic review by Sarkar, Yadav, and colleagues in the International Journal of Dermatology analyzed evidence across topical (0.1-2%), oral (250-500 mg/day), and intravenous routes including five oral RCTs and additional topical and IV studies and characterized topical and oral glutathione as moderately effective (with topical 0.5% superior to lower concentrations and combined topical-plus-oral outperforming monotherapy) while explicitly flagging intravenous glutathione as contraindicated due to lack of efficacy and adverse side effects, citing a single placebo-controlled IV study in which 37.5% (6/16) of the treatment group versus 18.7% (3/16) of the placebo group achieved the endpoint (p = 0.054, not statistically significant)

Previous studies revealed that genes LinA1 and LinA2 encoding two variants of hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinase are responsible for degradation of lindane ( Cupriavidus necator JMP134 was reported to degrade 2,4-D by stepwise conversion from 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by 2,4-D dioxygenase encoded by TfdA gene, and 2,4-DCP was further degraded to -ketoadipate by 2,4-DCP hydroxylase encoded by TfdB , chlorocatechol dioxygenase encoded by TfdC , chloromuconate cycloisomerase encoded by TfdD , dienelactone hydrolase encoded by TfdE , and chloromaleylacetate reductase encoded by TfdF gene
Finally, subnormal levels of 5-nucleotidase have been reported in lead poisoning and nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis from increased oxygen consumption and lactic acid production (Ndikontar et al., 2020
Before treatment, we conduct a kidney function test to ensure the procedure is safe, especially for clients with kidney concerns