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GlycoATP and mitoATP were derived from cells sequentially treated with oligomycin A and Rot/Antimycin A

Vignola, A.M., Campbell, A.M., Chanez, P., Bousquet, J., Lacoste, P.P., Michel, F.B., Godard, P.H., HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression on bronchial epithelial cells in asthma and chronic bronchitis, Am

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It has been observed that glutamate production through the appropriate function of GDH pathway has a role in the mitochondrial retrograde signaling that affects changes in nuclear gene expression related to nutrient sensing and TOR signaling [26, 98], aging [99, 100] metabolism [20] and as recently shown, in different types of cancer [101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108]

Keywords Hepatitis B virus, Pro-inflammatory macrophage, Anti-inflammatory macrophage, Immune modulation, Kupffer cells, IL-1beta, Primary cells, Anti-viral Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 250 million individuals worldwide and is responsible for more than 800,000 deaths per year by promoting end-stage liver diseases, among which decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (WHO, July 2020) are prominent