B12 also downregulated CSF2 ( P = 0.0071) and CXCL10 ( P = 0.0205) in leukocytes from impaired individuals, although these genes were not differentially regulated when compared to the non-impaired group
Given the coupling between copper and energy status (e.g copper is a cofactor at Complex IV of the ETC) and how intensely metabolically active neurons are, it seems like short-term IP GHK-cu in the brain is acting analogously to the copper ionophore elesclomol in Tregs
For skin health specifically, glutathione helps maintain collagen integrity, supports cellular turnover, and protects against UV-induced damage
Because the peptide is highly active, increasing concentration does not always result in improved performance
Additionally, the blockage of cys in conjunction with the PD-L1 antibody caused tumor cell ferroptosis and boosted T-cell immunity (Wang et al., 2019)