doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02936 177 MoorlagSRodriguez-RosalesYAGillardJFanucchiSTheunissenKNovakovicBet al
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Research has examined its role in: IGFBP-independent IGF-1R binding and receptor activation studies Myogenic cell proliferation, satellite cell activation, and muscle biology research PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathway signalling investigations IGFBP-3 regulation and gene expression modelling in muscle cell cultures Tissue repair and wound healing pathway research Comparative IGF-1 analogue studies alongside IGF-1 LR3 and native IGF-1 Neuroregeneration and CNS biology research models Cell differentiation and anti-apoptotic pathway studies IGF-DES and Myogenic Cell Research Treatment of porcine embryonic myogenic cells with Des(1-3)IGF-1 resulted in a threefold reduction in IGFBP-3 levels in conditioned media, while IGF-1 treatment caused a fourfold increase in the steady-state level of myogenin mRNA suggesting that IGF-I treatment accelerates differentiation of myogenic cells, and that this differentiation may be preceded or accompanied by decreased IGFBP-3 production

Short-term side effects include flushing (related to vasodilation), nausea (mitigated by maintaining appropriate hydration status), brief headache, or dizziness/lightheadedness