Protein helps prevent muscle loss and sarcopenia, while having a balancing effect on blood sugar and promoting satiety
obesity) and the dosages they come in, Wojeck said
Comprehensive evaluation should include complete thyroid panel (not just TSH), fasting insulin and HOMA-IR for insulin resistance assessment, cortisol testing for adrenal dysfunction, sex hormone panel (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone), sleep study if sleep apnea is suspected, medication review for weight-promoting drugs, and psychological evaluation for eating disorders or food addiction
37 RCTs Meta-Analysis (2020) Weight loss: -1.13 kg BMI: -0.36 points Fat mass: -1.16 kg Waist circumference: -1.24 cm Umbrella Meta-Analysis (2025) Confirms: statistically significant weight loss , especially combined with exercise
Subsequent research identified glucagon-like immunoreactive material in the intestine, secreted by L-cells, which stimulated insulin release but lacked hyperglycemic effects 914)