Indirect markers, such as serum leukocytes, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, globular sedimentation rate, etc., can also be useful
Another compelling option is MOTS-c, which plays a role in metabolic homeostasis and mitochondrial energy
American Society for Microbiology
The benefits vary by target application, and each has distinct evidence behind it
Integrating the Mechanistic Evidence The most coherent working model for BPC-157 research is not a single receptor-driven cascade, but a network-level model involving vascular preservation, NO-related signaling, focal adhesion biology, endothelial behavior, and angiogenesis-associated repair responses