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Hexosamine pathway overactivation Alters gene expression (e.g., PAI-1 and TGF-) promoting microvascular ischemia, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis (78)

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Benefits (Research Focus) IGF-1 receptor activation studied for selective high-affinity agonism of the IGF-1 receptor PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling investigated for downstream activation of cellular growth and protein synthesis pathways Reduced IGFBP binding explored for the Arg substitution that decreases IGF-binding protein affinity Extended half-life examined for ~20-30 hour bioactivity window compared to ~15 minutes for native IGF-1 Skeletal muscle research researched for satellite cell activation and protein synthesis endpoints in preclinical models What Researchers Look At IGF-1R binding affinity and downstream phosphorylation cascades (IRS-1, Akt, S6K) PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation in muscle and metabolic cell models IGFBP-3 binding affinity and free fraction pharmacokinetics Skeletal muscle protein synthesis and satellite cell activation endpoints Comparative bioactivity versus native IGF-1 and other IGF-1 analogs in cell-culture systems Quick Specs Form: Lyophilized white powder Net Peptide Content: 1 mg per vial Quantity: 1 vial Appearance: White to off-white lyophilizate Reconstitution: Bacteriostatic or sterile water (added by the end researcher) Purity: 99% by HPLC Identity: MS-verified (per COA) Storage: Protect from light Identity Basics Compound: IGF-1 LR3 (Long [Arg] Insulin-like Growth Factor-1) Synonyms: Long R3 IGF-1

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Glutathione Dysregulation and the Etiology and Progression of Human Diseases. Biological chemistry 390.3 (2009): 191214